How does tuberculation affect a pipe's C factor?

Tuberculation refers to the formation of small, protruding deposits on the interior surface of pipes, particularly in cast iron or ductile iron systems. Over time, this buildup can occur due to the corrosion and reaction of water with the pipe material, leading to rough, uneven surfaces.

The C factor, or Hazen-Williams coefficient, is a measure of the roughness of a pipe's interior surface. A higher C factor indicates a smoother pipe, which allows water to flow more freely, while a lower C factor signifies a rougher surface that creates more friction and resistance to flow.

When tuberculation occurs, the interior surfaces of the pipe become rougher, leading to increased turbulence and friction for the flowing water. As a result, the C factor decreases because the energy loss due to friction in a rough pipe is greater compared to a smooth pipe. Therefore, the presence of tuberculation negatively impacts the hydraulic performance of the pipe by reducing its flow capacity.

Understanding tuberculation's effect on the C factor is crucial for maintaining the efficiency of water distribution systems, as it helps in estimating pressure losses and flow rates in pipelines. This knowledge is essential for anyone involved in water management, pipe maintenance, or engineering design in the context of surface